l e m e . l i b r a r y . u t o r o n t o . c a A l e x a n d e r B a r c l a y ' s I n t r o d u c t o r y t o . . . F r e n c h e ( 1 5 2 1 ) s t c 1 3 8 6 v e r . 1 . 0 ( 2 0 2 1 ) ¶ Here begynneth the introductory to wryte / and to pronounce Frenche compyled by Alexander Bar­ cley compendiously at the commaundement of the ryght hye excellent and myghty prynce Thomas duke of Northfolke. R. Coplande to the whyte lyon. ¶ Ballade. Lyon tresdigne des bestes souuerain Reluisanc / et pur / en couleur dargent Ton renom sespand es pais loingtain Redoubte est ta fureur rugient Monstre tu as ta gloire excellent Triumphant victor sus les albanois Le lyon vermail a prins deffinement Par ta noblesse desoubz la rouge crois Duc puissan / dhonneur magnifique Autentique / en / noblesse triumphant Tresuoillant / darmes politique Pacifique / en vertus flourissant Lion bruyant / et vray defendant De lesglise / & la sainte foy Chescun te voyant / te vont appellant Amy de dieu / amateur de ton toy. ¶ The prologue of the auctour. MAny and dyuers lettred men experte in sondry scyences haue done theyr deuoyr to inclere the dulnesse & wylfull ignoraunce of theyr countrees natyfe: And to brynge this theyr entrepryse to effect / some haue wryten in solute langage maternall of our englyshe tonge: some in the same langage hath coarted theyr style in meter and balades of dyuers kynde: some hath compyled / some translated / and some deuysede / dyuers maters to dyuers purposes / and some for temporall lucre or fauoure: Some be magnyfyed and renomed: some to eschewe ydlenes / and to profyte a common well. Amonges whiche sorte my selfe haue also often employed my ba­ rayne dylygence / but lyke as the naked trees depryued of fruyte and leaf stop­ peth the byrdes tune: & al that the wynter depryueth the somer restoreth agayne/ ryght so though dyuers causes haue withdrawen my pen from my olde dyly­ gence / the mocyon of certayne noble gentylmen hath renued and excyted me agayne to attempt my accustumed besynesse. ¶ Wherefore at the comaundement of the ryght noble / myghty / & excellent prynce aforesayd I purpose to compy­ le a playne and a compendyous introductory to lerne to wryte and to speke fre­ che. And though the sayd treatyse hath ben attempted of dyuers men before my dayes: yet I trust with the ayde of god to make the same more clere / playne / & easy / parte by reason that I haue lene the draughtes of other made before my tyme: and parte for that I haue ben in my youth and hytherto accustomed & excercysed in two langages of Frenche and Englysshe. But who wolde vnder stande the cause whiche hath moeued my sayd honourable lorde to haue suche treatyse compyled / brefely to answere / it is for the common wele and pleasure of all englysshe men / aswel gentylmen / marchauntes / as other commen people that are not expert in the sayd langage. And forthermore syth it hath pleased al myghty god to reconsyle the peas betwene the two realmes of Englande and Fraunce and to confederate them in loue & amyte my sayd lorde hath thought it expedyent that our people accompanyenge with theym of fraunce sholde not be vtterly ignorant in the frenche tunge: whiche in times past hath ben so moche set by in Englande that who hath ben ygnorant in the same langage hath not be reputed to be of gentyll blode. In somoche (that as the cronycles of englan­ de recorde) in all the grammer scoles throughout englande small scolers expoun­ ded theyr construccyons bothe in Frenche and Englysshe. And moreouer the sa­ me tunge is not a lytell commended amonge the infydeles/ as turkes/ and sara­ syns for the pleasaunt compendyous ordre and conueyaunce of the same / than how moche more sholde it be pleasaunt to vs whiche are ioyned with the same nacyon aswell by neyghbourhode / & confederacyon / as by alyaunce: but what euer profyte or pleasure that the reder may fynde in the same treatyse / lete hym gyue laude and thankes to god & to my sayd moost honourable lorde/ by whose commaundement as sayd is this treatyse is compyled / of certayne pronownes & how they ought to be dyuersly vsed in frenche. ¶Ie in frenche is as moche to say in englisshe as I. Tu. thou. il. he. nous. we. vous. ye. ilz. they. or els we may vse somtyme / ceux / for this worde. ilz. ¶ Yf we answere to a questyon by this worde. I / ioynynge no verbe withall / Text from here to midway through a4v is not included. HEre after foloweth a smal treatyse or introductory of ortography or true wrytynge, wherby the dyligent reder may be infourmed tru­ ly, and perfytely to wryte & pronounce the frenche tunge after the dy­ uers customes of many countrees of fraunce. For lykewyse as our englysshe tunge is dyuersly spoken & varyeth in certayne countrees & shyres of Englande / so in many countrees of fraunce varyeth theyr langage as by this treatyse euidently shall appere to the reder. ¶ First how the lettres of the A. b. c. are pronounced or sounded in frenche. ¶ Lettres in the. A. b. c. be. xxii. whiche in frenche ought thus to be sounded. a A b boy c coy d doy e e f af g goy h asshe i it k ka l el m am n an o oo p poy q cu r aar s ces t toy v v x yeux y ygregois z zedes &parle &parlui 9parse. 9parlui. or. parsoy. ¶ And albeit that this lettre .h. be put amonge the lettres of the alphabete / yet it is no lettre / but a note of asperacyon / or token of sharpe pronouncynge of a wor­ de. Also .&. and .9. are not counted amonge the lettres: and so remayneth. xxii. let­ tres in the alphabete besyde .h. & .9. as sayd is. ¶ These sayd: xxii. lettres be deuyded all in to vowels & consonantes .v. of them be called vowels / whiche be these, a. e. i. o. u. these fyue be called vowels for eche of them by themself ioyned with none other lettre maketh a full & parfect worde. Y. is a greke vowell and is not wryten in latyn wordes / but in greke wordes. And wordes of other langages without one of these vowels: no lytteral voyce may be pronunced of these .v. vowels .ii. leseth theyr strength somtyme: and be come consonantis whiche .ii. be these. I. & v. whiche ar consonantis whan they are put in the begynnynge of a syllable ioyned with another vowel and sylla­ blyd or spellid with the same / as in these wordes in frenche Iouer to play van­ ter / to boste: and so in other lyke. ¶ The other .xvi. letters called be consonantis: for they be soundyd with the vowels and make no syllable nor worde by them selfe excepte they be ioyned with some vowel, consonantis be these. b. c. d. f. g. k. 1. m. n. p. q. r. s. t. x. z. ¶ These consonantis be deuydyd agayne into mutes liquides & semy vowels of whom nedyth not to speke for our purpose. A dyptonge is a ioynynge to gy­ ther of .ii. vowels kepyng eche of them his strength in one self syllable: of them be .iiii. / that is to say / au / eu / ei / 4 oy. In latyn tunge / au / and /cu be bothe wryten & sounded .ay / and / oy / be wryten but not sounded. but in frenche & englysshe tun­ ge bothe ay oy au and eu be wryten and sounded / as in these examples in fren­ che of au. voycy vng beau filz here is a fayre sone. of eu / deux homes font plus que vng: two men dooth more than one. of ay / ie ne diray point ma péce a toutz gentz. I shall not tell my thought to all folkes. Of oy as / toy mesmes ma fait ie le tort. thy self hast none me the wronge. That the same dyptonges be both wry­ ten and sounded in englysshe it appereth by the examples. As a maw / strawe / tawe / dewe / sewe / fewe / fray / tray / lay / may / pay / noy / boy / toy / ioy. And thus haue we more lyberte bothe in frenche and englysshe in wrytynge and soundynge than in latyn as touchynge the .iiii. dyptonges. ¶ Also here is to be noted that of lettres we make syllabes: of syllabes we fra­ me wordes / & and of wordes we combyne reasons / and by reasons all scyences and speches be vttred. thus resteth the grounde of all scyences in lettres / syllabes / wordes / and reasons. Wherfore (as of the fyrst foundacyon of frenche tunge & also of al other langages) fyrst I intende by the ayde & socour of the holy goost to treate how the lettres be wryten & sounded in frenche. ¶ Of the soundynge of this lettre .A. in frenche. THis lettre .A. in frenche somtyme is put onely for a lettre. And somtyme it is put for this englysshe worde. hath. Whan it is put but for a lettre it is often sounded as this lettre e. as in this frenche worde / staues vous: in en­ glysshe / can ye. In whiche worde & many other as / barbe / and fayre. with other ly­ ke this lettre. A. hath his sounde of this lettre .e. But in some countrees .A. is soun­ ded with full sounde in lyke maner as it is wryten as / fayre & suche other whan this lettre .A. is put for a worde it betokeneth as moche in englysshe as this wor­ de .hath. But some frenche men than ad nex .d. withall as / ad. as il ad / he hath. But suche maner of wrytynge is false. for this lettre. d. is not sounded nor pro­ nounced in frenche / nor founde often wryten in the ende of ony worde. And though some wolde say in these frenche wordes / viande / meate / demande / enquyre or aske. and that .d. is sounded in ende of the worde / it is not so. for in these wordes & other lyke / suche as truly pronounce frenche resteth the sounde on the last let­ ter of the worde whiche is .e. and not .d. ¶ Also in true frenche these wordes / auray / I shal haue. & / auroy / I had: be wryten without e in myddes of the worde / & in lykewyse be they sounded without / e but in certayne countrees of fraunce in suche maner of wordes this lettre e is sounded & wryten in the myddes as thus / aueroy / aueroie: whiche is contrary bothe in the true wrytynge / & also to the true pronuncyacion of perfyte frenche. ¶ How this lettre b ought to be wryten & sounded in frenche themperour for the emperoure, and so of other lyke. ¶ Also this worde auec may be wryten in dyuers maners after the custome & vsage of dyuers countrees of fraunce as thus, auecques: aueque. And some without reason or ortography wryte it with .s. in the myddes as auesque. but how so euer aueque be wryten in frenche it soundeth as moche in englysshe as this preposycyon with. And also this worde solonc may be wryten withc / or els without c at the as solonc or solon / but than o ought not to be sounded / yf a consonant immedyatly folowe. ¶ Of gendres. ¶ Also frenche men make dyuersyte in theyr gendres / as ton pere / thy father. ta mere / thy moder. mon espce / my swerde. ma robe / my gowne. vng home / a man vne femme / a woman. le maistre de lostel / the mayster of the house. la dame de lo­ stel / the lady or good wyfe of the hous. And so before wordes of the masculyne gendre they vse: ton / mon / ung / and le But before wordes of the femynyne gen­ dre they vse / ta/ for thyne. ma / myne. vne / for one. & / la / for the. how be in en­ glysshe varye for no gender / And in lykewyse in frenche these wordes neuer va­ ry in the plural nomber. The neuter gender & the femynine moste commynly be in­ cludyd both in one so that the same adiectyue is set before a nowne of the gender. ¶ Also here is to be notyd that oft tymes that thynge whiche cometh before the verbe in englysshe commyth after the verbe in frenche / as Il ma fait tort / he hathe done me wronge. Ie ne me puis leuer / I may not lyfte my selfe vp. ¶ Many maner of spekynges be in frenche whiche may not be spoken in en­ glysshe worde by worde: but by varyenge of termes / and in lyke wyse many sen­ tences be in englysshe whiche may not be spoken in frenche without transpo­ synge or alterynge of wordes. ¶ Many mo rules be concernynge wrytynge and spekynge of frenche / which were to longe to expres in this small treatyse: but the moste perfytenes of this langage is had by custome and vse of redynge and spekynge by often enquy­ rynge: and frequentynge of company of frenchemen and of suche as haue per­ fytenes: in spekynge the sayd langage. ¶ Here foloweth a small treatyse of dyuerse frenche wordes after order of the Alphabete. In which treatyse are firste set nownes or names of thynges most vsed in common speche / after them are set adiectyues / than verbes. And last of all aduerbys / and all by order of letter as after shall appere. ¶ Frenche wordes begynnynge with this letter A. Ame. a soule Ange. an angell Amitie. frendshyp Amy. a frende Amys. a woman frende An. a yere Anee yerely Aulne. an elne Asne. an asse Auoir. hauynge Amour. loue Aneau. a rynge Aygnel. a lambe Ausmoue. almysdede Arc. a bowe Archier. an archer Arche. an arche Aronde. a swallowe Arbre. a tre Araigne. aloppe or a spider Alumelle. blad or sceuyng Ante. an aunte Alayne. brethe Alesne. an alle Assemblee. a gatherynge Anguille. an ele Arciller. a bowyer Arlure. a brennynge Abbe. an abbot Abbesse. an abbesse Abbaye. an abbay Argent. syluer Acier. steele Auoine. otes Of. B. ¶ Bonte. goodnes Besoin. nede Boys. wodde Baston. a staffe Buisson. a busshe Bryde. a brydell Bourde. a borde Boiste. a box Berbis. a shepe Bergier. a shepeherde Beuf. a beef or ox Beste. a beeste Bout. an ende Branche. a boughe Barbe. a berde Beure. butter Balais. a besome Buffe. a bouffet Banc. benche. ¶ This lettre. B. set in the myddes of a frenche worde ought to be soundyd in maner as it is wryten / as debriler. to brule / troubler. to trouble / but in these wordes folowynge. b. is wryten in the myddes & not soundyd as / debte. dette endebter. desoubz. vnderneth / desubz. aboue / coubte. a ribbe. vng subget. Also these verbes doubter. to dout / tresdoubter. greatly to dout / substiner with all theyr modes & tensys aswell synguler as plurell with all nownes & particyples dissendynge of them / must haue. b. wryten in the myddes of them and not soun­ dyd / as wryten doubte tresdoubte. and soundyd doute / and tresdoute. Of. C. ¶ This letter. C. wryten in myddes of a worde hathe somtyme the sounde of this letter .s. or .z. as these worde. ca. on this half. picca. a whyle agone. rancon a ranson. francois. frenche. and in many other lyke wordes whiche soundyth thus with. s. sa piesa ranson francois. Also this letter .c. somtyme hath the sonde of .k. as in these wordes in frenche crou. cru. cause / and car. Also these wordes donc and iour are wryten with .c. in the ende in synguler nombre, but in the plur­ rell nomber the .c. in them is tournyd in to .x. as in doux ioux. Of. E. ¶ E. for the moste parte is soundyd almost lyke .a. and that namely in the ende of a worde. as in this example. A mon premier comencement soit dieu le pere omnipotent. At my fyrste begynnynge be god the father almyghty. Il a vng bon entendement. these wordes commencement omnipotent entendement vent with other lyke. be soundyd with a. as commencemant. omnipotant. antandemant vant and other lyke. and all suche wordes must haue a short and sharpe attent or pronounciacion at the ende. ¶ And here is to be notyd that al maner nownes of the masculyne gender endyn­ ge in the synguler nomber in .c. g. or .f. as blanc. whyt. vyf. quicke. long. longe. shall be wryten in the plurell nombre with .s. hauynge .c. g. or .f. put awaye from them, as blans. vis. lons. Of G. ¶ G. Whan this letter .g. is wryten in frenche in myddes of a worde bytwene a vo­ well and a consonant/ than shal it be soundyd lyke .n. and .g. As compaigon, cow­ paige. How be it some wryte suche wordes as they muste be sonndyd with .g. and .n. as compagnon. a felawe. compaigne. a company. Of. H. ¶ H. is no letter but a tokyn of asperacion or sharpynge of a worde / as in these wordes / hors. out / dehors. without / honte. shame / haut. hye / and in other lyke in whiche wordes and lyke .h. is sounded. other wordes be in whiche. h. is wryten and not soundyd as heure. an houre / helas. alas / homme. a man / with other lyke. Of. I & E ¶ I. and E. or ony other two vowels ioyned togyder in myddes or in the en­ de of a worde. whan they are put bytwene two consonantes / or bytwene a vowell and a consonant. than eyther of them shall haue his sounde / as in these wordes biens. goodes / riens. nothynge/ Ioie. Ioy / voie. a way / And suche lyke wor­ des. yet some holde oppynyon that in these wordes / and in suche other .I. or E shall not be soundyd. ¶ Also in true frenche these wordes. Ie. ce / are. wryten without o. in theyr ende but in pycard / or gascoygne / they are wryten with o. at the ende, as thus ieo ceo Of. K. ¶ K. This letter .K. in dyuerses speches is put for. ch. As kinal. kien. vak. but in true frenche it is not / but these wordes and suche lyke be wryten with ch. as che­ ual. a hors / chien. a dogge, vache. a cowe / Also in certaynes countres of Fraun­ ce for c. is wryten ch. as piecha. for a pieca / a whyle ago / tresdoulche for tresdoul­ ce. ryght swete. And so of other lyke. ¶ In lykewyse in some countrees of Fraunce names of dygnyte and offyce whi­ che are the synguler nombre are wryten plurell with / s / at the ende, as luy papes de Rome, luy toys de trance, luy sains esperis: but in true frenche these names be wryten without / s. as le pape de ronie, the pope of rome. Ie roy de france, /term> the kyn­ ge of fraunce. le saint esperit, the holy goost. and so of lyke. Of. L. ¶ L. This lettre .L. set in myddes of a worde immedyatly before a vowell shall kepe his full sounde / as nouellement, newly. annuelement / yerely. continuelement contynually parlant / spekynge. egallement, egally. But yf a consonant folowe. l immedyatly than / l / shall be sounded as / u / as oyalment / principalment / whi­ che are sounded thus. loyalment / faythfully. principallment / pryncipally. Ex­ cept this worde / ilz. / in whiche worde / l / and .z / hath no sounde somtyme. as ilz vont ensemble / they go togyder. and somtyme 1 / hath his sounde and / z /, leseth the sounde whan / ilz / cometh before a worde begynnynge with a vowell / as ilz ont fait: they haue done. Whan / l / is wryten in the ende of a worde / and that the worde folowyng begyn with a consonant than shall .l. in suche wordes lese his owne sounde and be sounded lyke an .u. as ladmiral dengleterre / the admyrall of englande / but yf the worde folowynge / l / begyn with a vowell than / l / shall ke­ pe his owne sounde: as nul home / no man. nul aultre / none other, nul vsage, no vsage. Also / 1 / put in the ende of a worde of one syllable shal haue no sounde at all as il sen est ale / he is gone. ie le veul bien / I wyll it well. In suche wordes il and veul / and other lyke / l / leseth his sounde .ll. double in myddes of a worde must be sounded with hole & full voyce. as fille / a doughter. fillette / a lytell mayde. oraille / an eere. and so other lyke. Of. N. ¶ N. This lettre. N. put betwene a vowell and a consonant in ende of ony worde whiche is a verbe of the thyrde persone plurell / and the indycatyf / or optatyf mo­ de what tens so euer it be / it shall not be sounded in true pronouncynge of fren­ che / as ilz ayment / they loue. ilz lisent / they rede, whiche wordes and all other lyke must be sounded thus without / n. ilz aymet. ilz liset. ¶ Out of this rule be excepte verbes of one syllable in whiche / n / must haue the sounde. as ilz vont / they go: ilz ont / they haue: ilz sont / they are: ilz font / they make / with all theyr mo­ des: tens: and compoundes. in whiche / n shall kepe his ryght sounde. Of. P. ¶ Whan .P. is wryten in the ende of a worde in frenche, and the next worde im­ medyatly folowynge begynnynge with a consonant than shall it lese the soun­ de / as thus, il a trop grant auoir / he hath to grete goodes. il vient trop tard / he cometh to late. trop hault / to hye. trop bas / to lowe. in whiche worde trop p / hath not his sounde / but it must be sounded thus/. tro hault. tro bas. tro tard. ¶ Of this rule be except propre names endynge in / p. in whiche / p / must haue his full sounde / as philip. But yf a worde ende in / p / and the worde nexte folowynge begyn with a vowell than / p / shall haue his full sounde. as mieulx vault assez que trop auoir / better is ynough than to haue to moche. Also these wordes sempai­ ne / a weke. temps. tyme. corps / a body, and this verbe escripre, to wryte with all nownes and participles commynge therof / indifferently may be wryten with p. or without p. but though p. be wryten in them it shall nat be soundyd: as se­ maine, tems, cors escrire. Of. Q. ¶ Q. in pronounsynge muste haue a softe and lyght sounde /And it shall nat be wryten in any frenche worde / without two vowels, immedyatly folowynge: of whiche two vowels the fyrste shalbe u. as qui que / the whiche / quar / for. querir / to seke / quant / whan / and suche other / but some be whiche wryte q. in suche wor­ des without this vowell .u. folowynge as qi. qe. &c. whiche maner of wrytynge is vnsemely: And also it is contrary to all rules of ortography or true wrytyng aswell in frenche / as in other langages and no reason haue they whiche wryte suche wordes without u. to assyst them saue theyr vnresonable vse agaynst all ru­ les / and good custome. More ouer these wordes quar / querir / quanat. &c. maye be wryten indifferently: with / q. k. or c / as quar / or car / or els kar. &c. Of. R. ¶ R. This letter. R. put in the ende of a worde shall kepe his owne full sounde /as cueur / as thus Iay grant mal au cueur, I haue graet dysease at my herte: Ie vous prie pour me consailler / I pray you counsell me: but in some countres .r. is soundyd / as this letter / z. as compere / a gossyp / is somtyme soundyd thus compez / and so of other wordes endynge in this letter. R. Of. s. syn­ gle. ¶ A syngle .s. in myddes of a worde ought nat to be soundyd if a consonant fo­ lowe immedyatly: as tresdoulce / ryght swete: tresnoble / ryght noble: tresgraci­ ous / ryght gracyous: but .s. in myddes of these wordes folowyng hath his full sounde: as thus: prosperite / chestien / substance / esperance /meschant / Institu­ er / escharuir / transglouter / Augustynes / Inspirer / descharger / estaincher / estandre / peschies / constrayndre / despenser / escuser / with al nownes / and ad­ uerbes commynge of them. In whiche .s. must be soundyd / if a consonant imme­ dyatly folowe .s. But if a vowel folowe this letter. s. in the myddes of a worde and no letter betwene .s. and the vowell / than shall .s. haue his full sounde / as it is wryten / tresexcellent / ryght excellent: treshault / ryght hye: treshonore / ryght honoured: treshumble / ryght humble. Of dou­ ble. ss. ¶ Whan this letter .ss. double is wryten in myddes of a worde it must alway be soundyd: as puissant / myghty with such lyke. More ouer if this letter .s. syn­ gle / be wryten in the ende of a worde / whiche is a pronowne coniunccion verbe or preposicion / if the worde folowynge .s. begyn with a consonant /than .s. shal nat be soundyd: as dieu vous sauue, god saue you. dieu vous gard / god kepe you. voules vous boire / Wyl ye drynke. nous sommes beaucoup des gens / we be moche folke / in which wordes .s. shal nat be soundyd. But whan this letter .s. is wryten in the ende of a worde in frenche and that the next worde folowynge begyn with a vowel than must .s. haue his full sounde. as Ie vous ayme, I loue you. Ie vous emprie, I pray you. estes vous icy, be ye here, & insuche other wordes. But in these wordes folowynge. s. shall haue no sounde / all if the wor­ de folowynge begyn with a vowell. vous ditez vray / ye say trouth. vous ditez vrayment / ye say truely. In whiche wordes .s. shall lese his sounde. And in this worde dis / whan it is a nowne of nombre & taken for ten. if there folowe a con­ sonant .s. shall not be soundyd / as to say dis liures .x. li. it muste be soundyd di. li. But this nombre ten in. frenche moost vsually is spelled with .x. as .dix. & not with . s . as dis. But whan ditz is a participle / & betokeneth asmoche as sayd than in the same worde .s. or .z. shall kepe his sounde. as les heures sont ditez the houres be sayde Of T. ¶ This letter T. put in the ende of a worde beynge a erbe of the thirde persone syn­ guler & present or preteryt tens of the indicatyf mode if the worde folowyng begyn with a vowell / it shall be soundyd. as est il prest / is he redy. Il estoit alostel / he was at home. But if the worde folowynge begyn with a consonant / than T. shal nat be soun­ dyd. as quest ce quil dist / what is that he sayth Il est prest / he is redy. il fust tout es­ bahy / he was al abasshed Il ny a que vanite en cest mon There is nought but va­ nyte in this worlde. Also all nownes & participles / whiche ende in the synguler nombre in t, in the plurell nombre muste be wryten with. s. or with z. the same t. put away from the ende of the word as thus worde, saynt, holy, is wryten in the synguler no­ bre with t. in the plurell nombre muste de wryten with .s. or with .z. the same t. put away from the ende of the word as thus worde / saynt / holy. is thus wryten. as sainz. or sains without .t. but in so­ me places of fraunce they wryte suche wordes in the plurel nombre with t. e. & z. or s. at the ende after the moste vsed Ortography of frenche. For amonge frenche men this is a general rule, that as ofte as t. is put in myndes of a worde beynge a now­ ne of the femynyne gender it shall not be wryten without a vowell imedyatly folo­ wynge. as les saintez vierges du ciel ne cessent de louer dieu / the holy virgyns of heuen cesseth not to laude god. Il ya des femmes que sont bien riches marchan­ des, there be women whiche be well ryche marchandes. And so may other fren­ che wordes endynge in tes. be wryten with t. and es. or with z. or s. without t. but it ac­ cordeth not to reason to wryte these wordes thus saintz toutz marchantz in the plurell nombre. all if they be wryten with t. in the synguler nombre. for in the plurell nom­ bre they ought nat to be writen with t. for ony of these two letters s. or z. in fren­ che stande for asmoche as ts. or tz. But for a conclusion though suche wordes in certayne countres of Fraunce be wryten with ts. or with tz. in the ende. as thus mon amy sont nous litz faitz / my frende are our beddes made. Beau sir sont mez pourpointz faitz / faire sir be my doublettes made. yet after true ortography of frenche these wordes and other suche muste be bothe wryten and soundyd with out t. as lis fais pourpoins. ¶ Also these wordes filz / a sone. mieulz better. fois one tyme. assez / ynoughe. vous poues / ye may. vous prenes / ye take. vous en­ seignes / ye teche. vous lisez / And suche other ought to be wryten without t. but some be whiche wrongly wryte these wordes with t. As filtz, mieultz / foitz, as­ setz / pouetz / prenetz / &c. whiche wordes in ryght frenche haue no t. neyther in soundynge nor in wrytynge. ¶ Also this coniunccion. betokeneth the same thynge in frenche that it doth in latyn. that is to say / and / in englysshe in whiche coniunccion t. is neuer soundyd though it be wryten with et. as et Ie vous fais a scauoir, And I make you to wytte or knowe. Of. V. ¶ V. wryten in myddes of a worde shall often haue no sounde / bothe in latyn frenche and other langages. And that whan it is wryten immedyatly after ony of these thre letters / that is to say. q. g. or. s. As qui que / language / langue / a ton­ ge. querir / to seke: guerre / warre, & suche other. In whiche wordes u. is wryten but not soundyd. Neuertheles in dyuers Countres after the foresayd letters they sounde w / doubled as quater / quare / quaysy. Englysshe men / and Scottes alway sounde u. after the letters both in Latyn and in theyr Vulgayre or com­ mon langage. In lyke wyse do dutche men / and almayns. As quare / quatuor quart / quayre / qwade. and suche lyke. Of. X. ¶ This letter X. put in thende of a worde. may eyther kepe his owne sounde, or els it may be soundyd as. z. as cheualx / or cheualz. hors / doulx / or doulz. swete mieulx / or mieulz. better which wordes may indyfferently be wryten with. x. or with z. Also this worde dieulz /ought not to be wryten with x. in the ende except it be in the nominatyf / or vocatyfe case. but by cause of ryme somtyme it hath x. in other cases. And whan x. is wryten in suche cases somtyme it is soundyd and somtyme not. As if dieux be wryten in the nominatyf case and a consonant folowe immediatly than x. shal not be soundyd. as dieux vous sauue / god saue you. dieux yous garde / god kepe you. but if this worde dieux be set in the voca­ tyfe case: than shall x. kepe his sounde. As benoit dieux ais pitie de moy / O bles­ syd god haue pyte on me. Of. Y. ¶ This letter y. hath the sounde of this letter I and in many wordes of Fren­ che it ought to be wryten in stede of I by cause of comelynes of wrytynge. In latyn wordis y. ought not to be wryten / but whan ony greke worde is myngled with latyn wordes for curyosite of the wryter or diffyculte of interpretacion in suche greke wordes y. muste be wryten in stede of I. in Englysshe wordes y. is moste commonly wryten in stede of I / soo that the englysshe worde be not de­ ducte of ony latyn worde: but specyally y: muste be wryten for I/ in the ende of englysshe wordes / and whan n: m / or u / is wryten before /or behynde it. Of. z. ¶ z. Put in the ende of a worde muste be sounded lyke s. as querez / seke ye. auez haue ye. lisez / rede ye. And lyke wyse as s. in the ende of a frenche worde is som tyme pronounced / & somtyme not / ryght so / z. put in the ende of a worde foloweth the same rule: somtyme to be soundyd / & somtyme not as aperyth in the rule of .s. ¶ Here is also to be noted for a generall rule / that if a worde of one syllabe en­ de in a vowell / and the worde folowynge begynne also with another vowell / than both these wordes shalbe ioyned to gyther / as one worde: both in wrytyn­ ge and soundynge. As dargent: for de argent, ladmiral / for le admiral / whiche rule also is obseruid in englysshe / as thexchetour / for the exchetour: thexpery­ ence /the experyence. ¶ Englyshe and Frenche. MEre. a moder Macastre. a stepmoder Martell. a hammer Marraine. a godmoder Main. a hande Mauuys. a thrusshe Marche. cheape Marchandise. marchaundyse Meure. a molbery Mer. the see Mensonge. lesynge Merle. an ousle Moys. a moneth Myll. hony Molyn. a mylle Mort. deth Mouche. a flye Moustrolle. a wesell Moucheron. a gnatte Mur. a wall Moylou. a sparowe Monton. a shepe Manche. a sieue Maladie. lykenes ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. N. Nees. a nose Nerf. a synowe Neueu. a broder/ or systres sone Net. a shyppe Nolces. a brydale Nouelles. tydynges Nuit. a nyght Nauiron. an ore Naure. hurte/ or woundyd. Oysel a byrde Ostone a goshauke Ortel a too Ost an ost Os a bone Oraille. an eere Oyson. a goslynge Ouie. herynge Ouurage. warke Oignon. an onyon Orgueil. pryde Or. golde Oye. a gander ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. P. Pere. a fader Parastre. a stepfader Pareyn. a godfader Parauet. a kynsman Pucelle. a mayde Puissance. myght Puelle. a mayde Pourchasse. a purchase Payllart. a harlot Puce. a flee Pouille. a lowse Pierre. a stone Porte. a gate Poing. a fyste Pourpoint. doublet Pourneant. a fornought Poisson. a fysshe Prestre. a preest Porte. a gate Poire. a pere Poys. a pese Pre. a medowe Plombe. lead Pomon. the longes Pain. brede Peigne. a combe Point. a styche Pluie. rayne Prune. a plome Pertuis. a hole Pays. a countre Plate. a mounde Poursell. a pygge Poulayn. a colte Pillier. a pyller Poll. an here ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. R. Roy. a kynge Royne. a quene Roser. the dewe Raine. a frogge Roye. a stryke, or a clyft Regarde. a beholdynge Royaulme. a kyngdome Roigne. a scabbe Rue. a strete Ruelle. a lane Response. an answere Ronget. a gornarde Regnart. a fox Of nownes begynnyne with .S. Sauiuer. Sauyoure Seignour. a lorde Sang blode Sens. wytte Scavoir. knowlege Sapience. wysdome Selle. a sadyll Souspirer. a syghynge Souper. a supper Sel. salte Seliere. a salte seller S u. talowe Sole. a halle Singe. an ape S ment nient an othe S ur a syster S ur. meat S nge. a dream S rure. a locke S englier. a boore S ye. sylke ¶ Nownes begynnynge with T. Tonnerre. thunder Tonnel. a tunne Tison. a fyrebronde Tace. a powche Tasse. a pece Tamine. a ceue Trau. a shot, or a draught Torchon. a wyspe Trefe. a sayle Toyle. lynnyn clothe Tailleur. a tayler Tozel. a bullocke Tignon. a stalle Temps. tyme Tour. a stepyll, or a toure Tromprer. a begyler Tort. wronge. ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. V. Voysin. a neybeure Voysine. a woman neyboure Venire. a wombe Vin. wyne Vi ier an herber Verge. a yerde Viuter. a ponde Vigne. a vyne Vers. wormis Vespre. an euenynge Vespres. the euensonge Variet. yong man Verre. a glasse Vetrier. a glasse wyndowe Viute. a lyuynge Vache. a cowe Verdie gre es ¶ Here begynneth nownes adecti­ ues in Frenche tunge ordred by letter ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with A. Aultre. another Aveugle. blynde Accuse. accusyd Arragie. woode Aimee. louyd Agu. sharpe Aisne. eldest Annuel. yerely Amer. bytter ¶ Of adiectyues begynnynge with B. Bon. good Bel. fayre Bas. lowe Brief. short Boeteux. lame Benoist. blessyd Besoigneux. besy Borgne. gogle iyed ¶ Of adiectiues begynnynge with C. Courtois. courteys Court. short Carre. square Cler. bryght Cruel. cruell Coueteux. couetous Chault. hote. ¶ Of wordes begynnynge with C. Ciel. the heuen, or the skye Cite. a cyue Chemin. a way Chasteau. a castell Cheual. a hors Cheualter. a knyght Conte. an erle Contesse. an erles wyfe Chief. an hede Chaperon. a hode Champ. a felde Chien. a dogge Coller. a coler Chat. a cat Clou. a nayle Cheuille / a wedge Chieure. a gote Cloche. a bell Clochier. a steple Cornet. a horne Cornette. a typpet Cuisse. a thyghe Cuir. a ledder Corps. a body Couteau. a knyfe Ceruoise. ale Cueur. the herte Cuiller. a spone Chatbon. a cole Chardon. a thystel Corbeau. a raven Corbeille. a basket Corneille. a crowe Chanteur. a synger Chanson. a songe Ceinture. a gyrdell Chesne. an oke Chiene. a bycche Chausse. an hose Charrette. a carte Charetter. a carter Cherrue. a plughe Chartuier. a ploughman Ciuiere. a battone Possibly "batten": "ciuiere" carries the sense of a litter or stretcher. Croye. chalke Croys. a crosse Cher. flesshe Chabriere. a woman seruaunt ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. D. Dieu. god Dame. a lady Nostre dame. our lady Damoysselle. a damlet or a lytell Domage. a harme Dague. a dagger Dos. a backe Droit. ryght Drap. a clothe Denier. a peny Doy. a fynger Dain. a doo Deul. sorowe Deel. a thymble Deduit. myrthe Dedans. within Dehors. without Daler. to go Drapier. a clothyer ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. E. Esglise. a chyrche Enseigne. a tokyn Erbe. a grasse Encre. ynke Eguille. a nedyll Escu. a shelde Euf. an egge Eure. an houre Elpee. a swerde Elpingue. a pyn Espaule. a shulder Eseuelle. a dysshe Espyne. a thorne Enfant. a childe ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. F. Foy. fayth Feme. a woman Filz. a sone Fille. a doughter Fillette. a yonge gyrle Filleulle. a goddoughter Fiel. a galle Foye. a lyuer Fysel. a spyndell Fyler. to synne Fume. smoke Fons. a botome Frontel. a fylet Fenestre. a wyndowe Faucille. a sykell faulx. a sythe fosse. a pyt or dyke fein. hungre fain. hay fourment. whete formage. chese feue. a bene Fontayne. a welle Four. an ouyn Fer. yren Frapper. to smyte Feu. fyre Front. a forehede Foy. fayth Feure. strawe Festu. a strawe Fourreure. a furre Fleschier. a fletcher Flesche. an arowe Fayntyse. subtylte ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. G. Gyngembre. gyngre Grain. corne Gibbet. a gallous Genoil. a kne Gant. a gloue Grue. a crane Gelinne. a henne Geron. a lappe Garson. a boy / or a knaue Garse. wenche / or gyrle Gorge. a throte Gardien. a warden /or keper Grosse. bygge ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. H. Honneur. honoure Home. a man Huys. a dore Heaulme. an helme Hanapper a cowpe Hache. a pollax Honte. shame Houpelande. a gowne Hortie. a netyll Hupe. a lapwynge Heranc. herrynge Haubergon. an habergyon Hastyment. hastely Humblement. mekely. ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with L. Loy. lawe or fayth Loyaulte. faythfulnes Lieu. a place Largesse. plentyfulnes Lyeure. an hare Liure. a boke Leurier. a grehounde Latron. a thefe Larsyn. thefte Lorier. a lorell tre Lance. a spere Lyn. a flax Layne. wolle Lyon. a lyon Lou. a wolfe Langue. a tonge Lien. a bonde Lit. a bed Linseul. a shete Let. mylke Lumyere. lyght Limace. a snayle Leppre. mysell, or lazar ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. M Monseigneur. my lorde Maison. a house Mary. a husbande Madame. my lady ¶ Aiectyuess begynnynge with. D. Doulx. swete Debonaire. goodly Droit. ryght Dur. harde Dolent. sory Doloreux. sorowfull Doubtable. dredefull Digne. worthy Desguise. disgysed Despiteux. despytous Doutant. doubtynge Deposee. put downe Deboute. put downe ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. E. Espesse. thycke Enuieux. enuyous Enui. wery Entier. hole Eureux. happy Excommunie. acursed Enceynte. with childe. ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. F. Ferme. stedfast Faux. false Fier. feers Famillous. hungry Froit. a colde Fort. stronge Feible. feble Feloneux. felonous Foyal. faythfull Fiable. trusty. ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. G. Grant. great Gros. great / cours. byg Grelle. small / or sclendre Gracieux. gracyous Gentil. gentyll Gabber. mockynge ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. H. Honnoreux. honourable Honoure. worshypped Haut. hye Humble. meke Hatif. hasty Honny. soyled / or spottyd Houyseux. Idyll Honteur. shamefast Hardy. bold, or hardy ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. I. Ioieux. Ioyfull Ieune. yonge Iust. ryghtwyse Ioly. gay / or ioly Ioconde. mery Iure. dronke Iougleur. a Iowgler ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. L. Loyal. true Leaut. noughty Long. longe, or farre Large. brode Lye. glad Luxurieux. lecherous Lache. lyther or sluggy Ligier. lyght. ¶ Of nownes adiectyues begynnyn­ ge with. M. Menu. small Mauuais. wycked Malicieux. malycious Maleureux. vnhappy Maladie. sykenes Mortel. dedly Milleur. best Mieulx. better Mygnot. wanton Mignon. wanton Morueux. snyuelynge Muet. dom ¶ Of nownes begynnynge with. N. Nouuel. newe Nouueau. newe Nouueaute. newelte Net. clene Noble. noble Ne. borne Nom. a name Noye. drowned ¶ Of adiectyues begynnynge wwith. O. Outragious. outragious Orgueillous. proude Oulrecuide. ouerwenynge ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. P. Petit. lytell Poy. small or lytell Plam. full Pesant. heuy Parfond. depe Pourry. rottyn Poure. poore Pariure. forsworne Pirs. wors Prest. redy Paysyble. quyet or peysyble Perilleux. peryllous Puant. stynkynge Poullous. lowly Puissant. myghty Prochain. next Pericheux. slouthfull Puisne. youngest Puitele. frekened Priue. tame ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. R. Redoubte. dredefull Resonable. resonable Rude. boystous Roingnous. scabbed Redde. styffe Rouge. read ¶ Of adiectyues begynnynge with. S. Sain. hole Soubtyll. subtyll Sauuage. wylde Sur. syker or sure Sage. wyse Sec. drye Sensif. wytty Seul. alone. ¶ Of adiectyues begynnynge with. S. Treschier. full dere Tart. late Tel. Suche Tout. all Teignous. scallyd Tortu. wrythen Tant. so moche Testyf. hedy Tortueux. awry Trouble. troublyd. ¶ Adiectyues begynnynge with. V. Vaillant. worthy Vieil. olde Vieux. olde Volentyf. wylfull Velu. roughe Veritable. sothfull Vert. grene Vermail. read ¶ Here after folowe certayne verbes moste used in frenche / whiche be set in the Infinytyf mode /and may be vary­ ed in modes and tensys after the four­ me of these verbes whiche are set in the begynnynge of the boke. Aymer. to loue Apayser. to styll Arambler. to stryde Accuser. to accuse Achatter. to bye Aleger. to make lyght Alumer. to lyght Aparler. to speke Appeller. to call Ayder. to helpe Appariller. to aray Aurer. to worshyp Auanter. to boste. ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. B. Bailler. to gyue Blamer. to blame Blesser. to hurte Briser. to bruse Branlier. to rele Braire. to rore ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. C. Cheuaucher. to ryde Chanter. to synge Creuer. to brest Chargier. to lade Commencer. to begyn Cuider. to wene Chasser. to hunte Chauffer. to warme Confesser. to shryue ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. D. Demander. to axe or requyre Desporter. to sporte Diner. to dyne Dormir. to slepe Dancer. to daunce Denier. to deny Degouter. to droppe Donner. to gyue Dorer. to gylte Depescher. to rydde ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. E. Enprunter. to borowe Esploiter. to spede Edifier. to bylde Esparnier. to spare Emporter. to bere away Enfler. to swell Espouser. to wedde Enuoyer. to sende Entrir. to entre Encontrer. to mete Enploier. to beset or bestowe ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. F. Froter. to rubbe Ferrer. to yron or sho a hors Fourner. to bake Fournir. to furnysshe Fier. to trust Frapper. to smyte or hyt ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. G. Greuir. to greue Gouuerner. to gouerne or rule Gaster. to mar or spyll Genoiller. to knele Garantier. to warant Gaigner. to wynne Garder. to kepe Guardoner. to rewarde Grauer. to graue ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. H. Honnier. to harme Huscher. to cleape Hauller. to reyse Humer. to soupe Haster. to haste Hontier. to shame Honourer. to worshyp ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. I. Iouer. to play Iouster. to ruste Iuner. to faste Infourmer. to infourme ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. L. Labourer. to labour Leuer. to lyfte Lier. to bynde Lascier. to mery Lauer. to wasshe Lutter. to wrastle Louer. the herynge Loer. to prayse Lire. to rede ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. M. Musser. to hyde Monstrer. to shewe Maunder. to sende Mener. to lede Merueiller. to maruell Monter. to clym Mangier. to ete Misconter. to mysrecken Manascer. to thretyn Mercier. to thanke Muer. to chaunge ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. N. Naurer. to wounde Noier. to drowne Nettoier. to make clene Nouncier. to warne Nommer. to name. ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. O. Ouurer. to worke Oublier. to forget Oser. to dare Obscure. to max darke Ouster. to put out or do away. ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. P. Parler. to speke Porter. to bere Peignier. to kembe Priser. to prayse Plourer. to wepe Pourpenser. to bethynke Prouuer. to proue Pencer. to thynke Pourchacer. to pourchace Pourmener. to lede about Ploier. to folde Pardonner. to forgyue Prier. to praye Peschier. to fysshe Pysser. to pysse. ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. R. Regarder. to beholde Rongier. to gnawe Reprouuer. to repreue Respondre. to answere Redoubter. to drede Resister. to withstande Rouller. to stare Reculer. to go abacke Reposer. to rest Renoncier. to forsake Restituer. to restore ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. S. Saluer. to grete or salue Souspirer. to syghe Sercher. to serche Sourmonter. to ouerpasse Suer. to sweat Signer. to blysse Saigner. to blede Saller. to salte Semer. to sowe Souhaiter. to wysshe Soucier. to blowe. ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with. T. Trencher. to karue Trebucher. to ouerthrow Trouuer. to fynde Tourner. to tourne Tesmoignier. to wytnes Trauailler. to trauayle Tuer. to kyll Tirer. to drawe Torchier. to wype Touner. to thounder Tarder. to tary Tuiller. to tyle Tailler. to curte Tenser. to chyde ¶ Of verbes begynnynge with.V. Voler. to fle Vanter. to boste Vengier. to venge Vser. to vse Voluper. to wrappe Veillier. to wake Venter. to blowe Visiter. to vysyt ¶ Here begynneth mo verbes in frenche or­ dred by letter after fourme abouesayd. A Aprendre. to lerne Attendre. to abyde Aperceuoir. to perceyue Ardoir. to bren Auoir. to haue B Boire. to drynke Battre. to bete Bouler. to bowle Benir. to blysse Baignier. to bathe C Clore. to shyt Cuilur. to gadren Conuoyer. to cary Chastier. to chastyse Courir. to ronne Combatte. to fyght Croire. to byleue Croistre. to wax or growe Creignier. to drede Choisir. to choyse Congnoistre. to knowe Coutre. to sewe Cewdre. to gyrde D Dormir. to slepe Descendre. to light downe or descende Desceindre. to vngyrde Deuenir. to become Deseruir. to deserue Deuestir. to vncloth Despendre. to despende Dire. to say Decepuoir. to desceyue Debuoir. to owe Denier. to forsake. E Escripre. to wryte Espae. to spyll Escondire. to agaynsay Escouter. to here or herken Estre. to be Emplir. to fylle Entendre. to vnderstande Entreprende. to vndertake Enseuelir. to bery ¶ F Fouir. to fle Faire to do Faire. to make Fendre. to cleue Fesir. to smyte Foundre. to melte G Guerpire. to forsake Gelir. to lye or lygge Guerir. to hele Garnir. to garnysshe Gemyr. to complayne H Honnir. to spot / or defyle Haie. to hate Haster. to be hastyd J Ioindre. to ioine Issir. to forth L Luste. to shyne Lire. to rede Languir. to languysshe / or pyne M Mordre. to byte Mourir. to dye Mondre. to grynde Mentir. to lye Mainoir. to dwell Maudire. to curse Murir. to waxe rype. N Nuiter. to waxe nyght Nasquir. to be borne Nuire. to be noye O Ouir. to here Occir. to kyll Oyndre. to anoynt P Prendre. to take Poindre. to pricke Pendre. to hange Pourir. to rote Poursuir. to pursue Pestrir. to knede Plouoir. to rayne Plaindre. to grone Puir. to stynke Pouoir. to may / or to be of power Punir. to punysshe Perdre. to lese ¶ R Rire. to laughe Rauir. to rauyshe Recepuoir. to receyue Rendre. to restore agayne ¶ S Scauoir. to knowe Seruir. to serue Sotir. to sytte Sentir. to smell Sauur. to lepe. ¶ T Teindre. to steyue or dye clothe Tenir. to holde Tustre. to weue Tendre. to bende Tondre. to shere Tirer. to shote or drawe ¶ V Vouioir. to wyll Venir. to come Vomir. to spewe Vendre. to sell Vestir. to clothe Veinquir. to ouercome Viure. to lyue Vesquir. to lyue Voeir. to se Vouloir. to wyll Venir. to come Vomir. to spewe Vendre. to sell Vestir. to clothe Vanquir. to ouercome Viure, to lyue Vesquir. to lyue Voeir. to se ¶ Here after foloweth by letter ad­ uerbes and other wordes vndeclyned moste vsed in frenche langage A Aucunefois. somtyme Aillieurs. somwhere els Aplain. openly Arebours. frowarde or back warde Arriere. behynde Ains. rather Aincois. eer Assez. ynoughe Autruy. anotherbody Apres. after Asleure. nowe B Bien. well Bellement. fayrly Bien pres. almost or welnere Benignement. benignely ¶ and here us to be notyd / that all englysshe wordes endynge in this ter­ minacion / ly / whan they are tourned in to frenche. they shall ende in ment / as hardely / hardyment / suerly / suremet / wysely / sagement / honestly / honnette ment. &c. Comment. howe Cy. here Ca. hyder Cettes. forsoth Cydeuant. herebefore D Deuant. before Derriere. behynde Demain. to morowe Desoubz. beneth or vnder Dehors. without Dedans. within Deuers. towarde Deles. besyde Dou. from whens Dont. wherof Donc. than Dela. beyonde Deca. a this halfe Deia. all redy E Emsemble. to gyther Entour. about Enuiron. aboute En. In Eusette. outake Encontre. agaynst G Generallement. generaly Gayment. gayly H Honnestement. honestly Hastiuement. hastely Hardiment. hardely I Ius. downe Iusques. vnto Iamais. neuer Iadis. a whyle ago or late ago Issunt. go out Icy. here Iusquescy. hytherto L La. there Loins. afarre La enuers. thytherwards Lahors. therwithout La aual. yonder beneth Lemesme. thesame Lors. than Lyement. merely Longuement. longly M Moult. moche Mais. but Matin. mornynge or erely Mesinement. selfly Maintefois. often tymes Maintenant. nowe Mieulx. better N Nenny. nay Nagueres. not long ago or not farago Nepourquant. neverthelater Neautmains. neuertheles. O Onques. at any tyme Onques puis. neuersyth Outre. ouer or beyonde Orains. or now Ou. where Ouy. ye Ore. nowe Ouy certes. ye forsothe Ou donc. where than Ouec. with P Parmy. thorughout Pourquoy. wherfore Presca. longe agone Poysouuent. whyldom Partout. all aboute Pourniant. fornought Pour vray. forsoth Paricy. hereby Parla. therby Pardesca. here before Pleusieurs. oftymes Puis. sythen Pardela. beyonde. Q Quanque. whatsoeuer Que. what Qui. who Quicunque. whosoeuer S Sus. vp Souentefois. oftentymes Sur. vpon Sans. without Sans faute. without fayle T Trestout. all togyther Tantost. anone Trop. to moche Toutesfois. alwayes Tant. so moche Trop tard. to late Tresqua. tyll that V Vne fois. ones Vnquore. yet Vnpoy. a lytell Vhy mais. to day more Volentices. wyllyngly Vraiment. veryly Voyes. se ye here Venez icy. come ye hyder Vaillantement. worthely ¶ Here begynneth to reken in frenche and englysshe. ¶ Vng. deux. trois. quatre, cinq. One. two. thre. foure. fyue. Six. sept. huit. neuf. dix. Syx. seuen. eyght. nyne. ten. Onze. douze. traize. quatorze. quinze. Eleuen. twelue. thyrtene fourtene. xv. Saize. dixsept. dixhuit. dixneuf. ving Sixtene. seuentene. xviii. xix. twenty ¶ Ving a vng. ving deux. ving trois. One and twenty. two & twenty. xxiij. Ving quatre. ving cinq. ving six. xxiiij xxv. xxvi. Ving sept. ving huit. ving neuf xxvii. xxviii. xxix. Trente. trente a vng Thyrty.one and thyrty. Quarante. Fourty. Cinquante. Fyfty. Sexante. Thre score. Cent. Hondred. Deux cens. Two hondred. Mille. Thousande. Deux mille. Two thousande. Dix mille. Ten thousande. ¶ Hereafter foloweth the .vii. dayes in the weke, the .xij. monthes in the yere and the names of the pryncipall Feestis that comes in the yere. Dymenche. Sonday Lundi. Munday Mardi. Tuysday Merquedi. Wednysday Ieudy. Thurday Vendredi. Fryday Samedi. Saterday ¶ The. xii. monthes. Januier. Ianyuere Febr. Febyer Mars. Marche Auril. Aprill Mai. May Iuing. Iune Iuiller. Iuly Aoult. August Septembre. September Octobre. October Nouembre. Nouembre Decembre. December ¶ The names of the feestes in the yere. ¶ Le nom de lan, The name of the yere Et des feestes. And of the feestes Vng an v yere Este my este. Somer / mydsomer Yuer. my yuer. mydwynter Noel. Crystmas La circumcision nostre seigneur. The cyrcumcysion of our lorde La tiphaigne. The .xii. tyde La chandeleur. Candelmas Karesme prenant. Shroftyde Le mardy gras. Shrouetuysday Le merquedi de la cendre Ashe wednesday Karesme Lenten My karesme. Myd lenten Nostre dame de mars. Our lady day in marche Le dimenche des blanches pacques Palme sonday La semaine peneuse. The passion weke Le ieudi absolut. The shrotthursdaye Le vendredi adure. The good fryday La vle de pacques The ester eue Pacques. Ester (La resurrection de nostre seigneur The resurrection of our lorde) Les rouuesons The gange dayes Lasension Holy Thursday (La vigille de penthecoustes Wytson euen) Penthecoustes. Wytsontyde La trinite The trinite Le sacrament. Holy thursday La saint Johan. The day of saint Ioban. (Le iour saint petre. The day of saynt peter Le tour nostre dame myaoust. Our lady day of myd august La iour nostre dame de septembre. Our lady day in september La saint michiel. The seynt mychell La toussains. Allhalowtyde Le iour des mors. Allsoulyn day Lauent. Aduent Nostre dame de lauent. Our lady day in aduent La veille de noel. The christmas euen ¶ Here begynneth the lyfe of the gray­ nes / and of the laboure / as the firste lyne frenche / and the seconde englysshe styl folowynge after. ¶ Dieu sauue chaiue. God saue the ploughe Et celuy qui la mane And he the whiche it ledeth Primierement / hairoir la terre. Firste ere the grounde Apres semer la ble / ou lorge. After sowe the whete / or barly Les herces doiuent venir apres. The harowes must come after Le chacur / ofter lordure. The hoke to take a waye wedes En aoust le soyer ou faucher. In august repe it or mowe it Dune fauucille / ou dune faux. With a sycle / or a sythe Le rareler dungratel. Then rake it with a rake Le lier de liens & mestre en gerbe. Bynde it in bandes and put it in sheet Le mestre en dysel ensemble. And put them in shokke to gyther Le chartier a lostel et payer la dime. And cary it home and paye the dysme Le tasser a la granche le barre. Hepe it in the barne & thresshe it Le venner porter au moulin. Then tan it and bere it to the mylle Faire de farrme / la salcer. And with a syft it syfte Pestrir la paste / chaufer le four Knede the dowe / hete the ouen Faire le pain lenfournir au four Moule the lofe / & put in the ouen Et apres faire bonne cuiere & leuer dieu And after make good chere & thanke god. Vecy le nom des grains. Here is the name of cornes Du ble. whete Du seigle. rye De lorge. barly De lauoyne. otys Des poys. pesen Des feues. benys ¶ Here begynneth the names of certay­ ne fysshes. Vne ballayne. a whale Vne serayne. a meremayde Vng marsouin. porpeys Vng estourgon. a sturgon Vne morue. a mylwell Vne raye. a rayghe Vng agnon. a hadocke Vng congre. a cungre Vne tumbe. a gurnarde Vng rouget. a rochet Vng macquerel. a makerell Vng mullet a mulet Vng harene. a herrynge Vng chie deuier. dog fyssh Vne ples. a playse Vne sole. a sole Vng turbot. a turbut Vng saumon. a samon Vng escreuisce. a creuys Vne samereulle. a shyrmpe Vne oystre. an eyster Vne nioulle. a muskull Vne corque. a cokull ¶ And also here is to be notyd the ma­ ny wordes be which sounde nere vnto la­ tyn and be vsed in bothe the langages of Frenche and Englysshe amonge elo­ quent men / as termes indifferently be­ longynge to both frenche & englysshe. So that the same sygnyfycacyon / whi­ che is gyuen to them / in frenche is also gyuen to them in englysshe / as thus. Amite. Amite. Auauncement. Auauncement. Audacite. Audacite. Bounte. Bounte. Beaute Beaute Breuyte. Breuyte. Beniuolence. Beniuolence Be­ nignite. Benignite Courtoys. Courtoys Curiosite. Curiosite Conclu­ sion. Conclusion. Conspiracion. Conspiracion Coniuracion. Coniuracion Com­ punction. Compunction Contricion. Contricion Confederacion. Confederacion Coniunction. Coniunction Detestacion. Detestacion Detracci­ on. Detraccion Denominacion. Denominacion Deuulgacion. Deuulgacion Diu­ inite. Diuinite Dignite. Dignite Disesperance. Disesperance Exchan­ ge. Exchange Esperance. Esperance Euidence. Euidence Fable. Fable Freal­ te. Frealte Fragilite. Fragilite Fragrant. Fragrant Gouernance. Gouernance Grace. Grace Humylite. Humylite Humanite. Humanite Intelli­ gence. Intelligence Intellection. Intellection Interpretacion. Interpretacion Insurreccion. Insurreccion Indenture. Indenture Laudable. Laudable Langage. Langage Murmuracion. Murmuracion Mutabilite. Mutabilite Magnanimite / Magnanimite Patron. Patron Patronage. Patronage Picture. Picture Rage. Rage Royall. Royall Regal. Regal Soue­ rayne. Souerayne sustayne. sustayne Traytre. Traytre Tourment Tourment Trechery. Trechery Trayson. Trayson Trauers. Trauers Trou­ ble. Trouble Tremble. Tremble Transitory. Transitory Valiant. Valiant Variance. Variance Variable. Variable Vesture. Vesture ¶ These wordes with other lyke betoken all one thynge in englysshe as in frenche. And who so desyreth to knowe more of the sayd langage must prouyde for mo bokes made for the same intent / wherby they shall the so­ ner come to the parfyte knowlege of the same. ¶ Here endeth the introductory to wryte & to pronounce frenche compyled by Alexan­ der barcley. "Here foloweth the maner of dauncynge of bace daunces after the vse of fraunce and other places translated out of frenche in englysshe by Robert coplande." (which immediately follows in this book) is not in EEBO and is not transcribed by LEME here.